German writer Gรผnter Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his contributions to literature, particularly his work highlighting Germany's Nazi past.
๐ Stockholm, Sweden
The United Nations established World Food Day to raise awareness about global hunger and promote efforts to ensure food security for all.
๐ Global
The world's first successful heart-lung transplant was performed at Stanford University, marking a milestone in medical science and organ transplantation.
๐ California, USA
Cardinal Karol Wojtyลa was elected as Pope John Paul II, becoming the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and one of the most influential religious leaders of the 20th century.
๐ Vatican City
China successfully detonated its first atomic bomb, becoming the fifth nation to possess nuclear weapons and significantly altering global geopolitical dynamics.
๐ Lop Nur, China
Students at the University of California, Berkeley, launched the Free Speech Movement, igniting nationwide protests advocating for civil liberties and academic freedom.
๐ Berkeley, USA
The Cuban Missile Crisis began when U.S. President John F. Kennedy was informed of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, triggering a 13-day standoff that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war.
๐ Cuba
The United States launched the Titan II missile for the first time, advancing intercontinental ballistic missile technology during the Cold War era.
๐ Cape Canaveral, USA
Ten high-ranking Nazi leaders were executed following convictions for war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials, setting a precedent for international justice.
๐ Nuremberg, Germany
The Chinese Red Army began the Long March, a strategic retreat that would become a defining moment in the rise of the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong.
๐ Jiangxi, China
Walt and Roy Disney founded The Disney Brothers Studio, which would grow into The Walt Disney Company, a global leader in entertainment and culture.
๐ Los Angeles, USA
Irish playwright Oscar Wilde was sentenced to two years of hard labor for gross indecency due to his homosexuality, highlighting Victorian-era moral attitudes and injustice.
๐ London, England
Oscar Wilde's novel 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' was published, becoming a classic of English literature and a cornerstone of aesthetic philosophy.
๐ London, England
David Ben-Gurion, Israel's primary national founder and first Prime Minister, was born. He played a key role in the establishment of the State of Israel.
๐ Pลoลsk, Poland
The first issue of the journal 'Science' was published, becoming one of the world's leading scientific publications promoting global research and discovery.
๐ New York, USA
รtienne Lenoir publicly demonstrated his gas-powered internal combustion engine, paving the way for modern automotive and industrial engines.
๐ Paris, France
Ether was publicly demonstrated as an anesthetic for the first time, revolutionizing surgery and pain management in medicine.
๐ Boston, USA
The Long Island Rail Road, the oldest U.S. railroad still operating under its original name, began service, contributing to the expansion of American transportation infrastructure.
๐ New York, USA
Noah Webster published the first edition of his American Dictionary of the English Language, standardizing American English and influencing global linguistics.
๐ New Haven, USA
Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, was executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, symbolizing the fall of the monarchy and rise of republicanism.
๐ Paris, France