India launched INS Vikrant, its first domestically built aircraft carrier, marking a major milestone in the country’s naval capabilities and defense manufacturing.
📍 Kochi, India
Jerry Garcia, lead guitarist and vocalist for the Grateful Dead, died of a heart attack. A cultural icon of the counterculture movement, Garcia’s improvisational style influenced generations of musicians.
📍 Forest Knolls, California, United States
The United Nations established August 9 as the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples to promote and protect their rights and cultures worldwide.
📍 United Nations Headquarters, New York City, United States
The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 662, condemning Iraq’s annexation of Kuwait and declaring it null and void. The resolution laid the foundation for international military and diplomatic response.
📍 New York City, United States
Raymond Massey, Canadian-American actor known for his roles in *Abe Lincoln in Illinois* and *East of Eden*, died. He was also a decorated veteran of both world wars.
📍 Los Angeles, California, United States
Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th President of the United States after Richard Nixon’s resignation. Ford became the only person to hold both the vice presidency and presidency without being elected to either.
📍 Washington, D.C., United States
Singapore was expelled from the Federation of Malaysia and declared its independence. The event marked the beginning of Singapore’s journey as a sovereign nation and global economic hub.
📍 Singapore
John Dryden Kuser, member of a prominent political family and advocate for conservation in New Jersey, died. He supported early wildlife preservation efforts in the United States.
📍 New York City, United States
Hermann Hesse, German-born Swiss author and Nobel laureate, died. His philosophical novels such as *Siddhartha*, *Steppenwolf*, and *The Glass Bead Game* deeply influenced 20th-century literature and counterculture.
📍 Montagnola, Switzerland
Aino Aalto, pioneering Finnish architect and co-founder of Artek with her husband Alvar Aalto, died. Her work helped define Scandinavian modernism in both furniture and architectural design.
📍 Helsinki, Finland
The United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, killing an estimated 40,000 people instantly. This event led to Japan’s unconditional surrender and the end of World War II.
📍 Nagasaki, Japan
Technicians working on the Harvard Mark II electromechanical computer removed a moth from Relay 70, coining the term 'debugging' in computing. The incident became a legendary milestone in computer history.
📍 Harvard University, Massachusetts, United States
The United States military used napalm in combat for the first time during a World War II bombing mission in France. The weapon became controversial for its devastating incendiary effects.
📍 Trosly-Breuil, France
On this day, the Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi, demanding an end to British rule. Despite mass arrests, the movement became a crucial step toward Indian independence.
📍 Mumbai (then Bombay), India
Philip Larkin, one of England’s most celebrated postwar poets, was born. Known for his plain style and themes of disillusionment and mortality, his work continues to resonate widely.
📍 Coventry, England, United Kingdom
Mae Questel, the American voice actress who brought to life iconic characters such as Betty Boop and Olive Oyl, was born. Her work helped define early animation voice performance.
📍 Bronx, New York City, United States
Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist known for his groundbreaking theory of cognitive development in children, was born. His work laid the foundation for modern education and developmental psychology.
📍 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Edward William Lane, British orientalist and translator, died. He is best known for his English translation of *One Thousand and One Nights* and his detailed work on Arabic customs and language.
📍 Worthing, England, United Kingdom
Amedeo Avogadro, the Italian scientist known for Avogadro’s Law and the concept of the mole in chemistry, was born. His work laid the foundation for modern molecular theory.
📍 Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia (now Italy)
Tupaia, a Polynesian navigator and priest, officially joined Captain James Cook’s first voyage aboard the HMS Endeavour. His guidance was critical in helping the expedition navigate the South Pacific.
📍 Tahiti, French Polynesia