Norman Mailer, Pulitzer Prize-winning author known for works blending fiction and journalism, died in New York.
📍 New York City, USA
NASA launched Space Shuttle Discovery on a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, extending its operational life and capabilities.
📍 Kennedy Space Center, USA
The Shanghai Stock Exchange reopened after being closed for 41 years, marking China's shift toward a market-oriented economy.
📍 Shanghai, China
Yuri Andropov succeeded Leonid Brezhnev as General Secretary of the Communist Party, becoming the leader of the Soviet Union.
📍 Moscow, USSR
NASA launched Apollo 12, the second crewed mission to land on the Moon, achieving a precise landing near Surveyor 3.
📍 Kennedy Space Center, USA
Indira Gandhi was elected president of the Indian National Congress, setting her path to become India’s first female Prime Minister.
📍 India
Harry Warner, one of the founding brothers of Warner Bros. Studios, died, leaving a legacy in the film industry.
📍 Los Angeles, California, USA
Ellis Island, the primary immigration station for millions entering the United States, officially closed after 62 years of operation.
📍 New York Harbor, USA
The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opened to traffic, becoming a major infrastructure achievement in California.
📍 San Francisco, California, USA
Grace Kelly, Hollywood actress who became Princess of Monaco, was born in Philadelphia.
📍 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
The United Kingdom raised the speed limit for motor vehicles to 14 mph, marking a milestone in automotive regulation.
📍 London, England
The first football match under electric floodlights was played at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, marking a new era in sports entertainment.
📍 Sheffield, England
Sun Yat-sen, revolutionary leader and founding father of the Republic of China, was born in Guangdong Province.
📍 Guangdong, China
Elizabeth Gaskell, known for novels like *North and South* depicting Victorian society, died suddenly in Hampshire.
📍 Holybourne, England
Auguste Rodin, renowned French sculptor known for works like *The Thinker* and *The Gates of Hell*, was born in Paris.
📍 Paris, France
The spectacular Leonid meteor storm lit up skies across North America, inspiring scientific interest in meteor showers.
📍 North America
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, renowned Austrian composer and teacher of Beethoven, died in Vienna.
📍 Vienna, Austria
Sir Thomas Gresham, English merchant and founder of the Royal Exchange in London, died, leaving a legacy in finance and commerce.
📍 London, England
During the First Crusade, Crusaders captured the Syrian city of Ma'arrat al-Numan, a siege infamous for reports of cannibalism due to starvation.
📍 Ma'arrat al-Numan, Syria
Macbeth, King of Scotland and later immortalized by Shakespeare, was killed in battle by forces of Malcolm III.
📍 Lumphanan, Scotland