Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 became the first to successfully orbit another planet and transmit images from Venus' surface.
📍 Venus Orbit
OPEC nations began discussions to ease the oil embargo imposed during the 1973 oil crisis, which had caused global economic disruption.
📍 Global
A French expedition completed the first successful ascent of Makalu, the world’s fifth highest peak in the Himalayas.
📍 Makalu, Nepal/China
The princely state of Hyderabad was formally integrated into India after Operation Polo, ending the Nizam's rule.
📍 Hyderabad, India
UNESCO held its first General Conference in Paris, aiming to promote global peace and security through education, science, and culture.
📍 Paris, France
German Luftwaffe launched a devastating bombing raid on Coventry, England, destroying much of the city and killing hundreds.
📍 Coventry, England
The League of Nations held its first General Assembly in Geneva, marking an early attempt at international governance and peacekeeping after WWI.
📍 Geneva, Switzerland
Olds Motor Works implemented the first automotive assembly line, revolutionizing car production before Henry Ford popularized the method.
📍 Lansing, Michigan, USA
Georgia O'Keeffe, renowned American modernist artist known for her paintings of enlarged flowers and New Mexico landscapes, was born.
📍 Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, USA
Cyprian Norwid, influential Polish poet, dramatist, and thinker of the Romantic era, died in Paris.
📍 Paris, France
The Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, was officially opened, revolutionizing global maritime trade routes.
📍 Suez, Egypt
Petros Protopapadakis, who served briefly as Prime Minister of Greece before being executed following a military defeat, was born.
📍 Naxos, Greece
The American School for the Deaf, the first permanent school for deaf children in the U.S., officially opened in Hartford, Connecticut.
📍 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
The *Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser*, Australia's first newspaper, was published, marking the start of journalism in the colony.
📍 Sydney, Australia
The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, the first in the United States, was established, laying foundations for American financial markets.
📍 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, establishing a loose confederation of states.
📍 York, Pennsylvania, USA
William Herschel, astronomer who discovered Uranus and pioneered deep space observation, was born in Hanover.
📍 Hanover, Germany
Johannes Kepler, key figure in the scientific revolution known for his laws of planetary motion, died in Regensburg.
📍 Regensburg, Germany
Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I and the first woman to claim the English throne, died in Normandy after years of civil war known as The Anarchy.
📍 Rouen, Normandy
Tiberius Gracchus, Roman tribune known for his agrarian reforms and championing of the common people, was killed in a political uprising.
📍 Rome, Roman Republic